القای پاسخ‌های دفاعی و کنترل بیولوژیک بیماری کپک آبی میوه سیب Penicillium expansum به وسیله‌ی مخمر (A1) Rhodotorula mucilaginosa

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران.

2 استاد گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران.

چکیده

     در این تحقیق، جدایه­ی  A1از مخمر Rhodotorula mucilaginosaبرای کنترل کپک آبی سیب
Penicillium expansum به کار گرفته شد. آزمون تست تقابل، متابولیت­های خارج سلولی و مواد فرار در آزمایشگاه برای ارزیابی قدرت بیوکنترلی مخمر به­کار برده ­شد. این جدایه از مخمر رشد قارچ P. expansumرا کاهش داد. در آزمون کشت تقابل، میزان کاهش رشد 97/60 درصد، در مورد گاز فرار 57/90 درصد، و در تست متابولیت‌های خارج سلولی 36/83 درصد بود. در آزمایش‌های انباری، چاهک ایجاد شده روی سیب با 40 میکرولیتر سوسپانسیون مخمر آنتاگونیست و 24 ساعت بعد با 20 میکرولیتر سوسپانسیون قارچ عامل بیماری مایه­زنی شد. سیب­های مایه­زنی شده در20 و 5 درجه­ی سانتی­گراد در انبار قرار گرفتند. مساحت لکه­ها در روی سیب­های تیمار شده با مخمر در هر دو دما در مقایسه با شاهد، کاهش معنی­داری نشان دادند. در قسمت دوم آزمایش، توانایی مخمر در القاء دو آنزیم پراکسیداز و کاتالاز و همچنین ترکیبات فنلی در بافت میوه‌ی سیب بررسی شد. میزان فعالیت آنزیم­های پراکسیداز ،کاتالاز و میزان ترکیبات فنلی کل در روزهای دوم، چهارم، ششم، هشتم و دهم بعد از مایه­زنی عامل بیماری اندازه­گیری شد. این جدایه­ی مخمری، فعالیت آنزیم­های پراکسیداز و کاتالاز را افزایش داد که این افزایش در روز ششم بعد از مایه­زنی عامل بیماری، به حداکثر میزان خود رسید. بیش‌ترین میزان کل ترکیبات فنلی نیز در سیب‌های آلوده­ی تیمار شده با جدایه­ی مخمر در روز ششم بعد از مایه­زنی دیده شد که نسبت به شاهد آب مقطر به ­طور معنی­داری افزایش یافته بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Induction of defense responses and biological control of blue mold of apple fruit (Penicillium expansum) with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa A1

نویسندگان [English]

  • J. Gholam Nejad 1
  • H. R. Etebarian 2
  • F. Naserinasab 1
چکیده [English]

In this study, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolate A1 was recovered from healthy apple surface and Penicillium expansum was isolated from infected apple. The yeast isolate was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for apple blue mold caused by P. expansum. Dual culture, extracellular metabolite and volatile compounds tests were used in in vitro assays. The yeast inhibited growth of P. expansum, the inhibition by yeast was 60.97%, in dual culture, 90.57% in volatile gases and 83.36% in cell free metabolite tests. Apple fruit were wound-inoculated using 40 µl of yeast cell suspension (107cell/ml) followed 24 h later by P.expansum (105 conidia/ml). The apples were then incubated at 20 and 5°C. The yeast reduced the decayed area at both (20 and 5 °C) temperatures. In the second section of this study, the ability of yeast to induce catalase, peroxidase and phenolic compounds in apple tissue was investigated. The apples were first treated with the yeast, then inoculated with the pathogen and incubated for 10 days at 20 °C. Peroxidase, catalase activities and levels of phenolic compounds were measured 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days after inoculation with P. expansum. R. mucilaginosa A1 caused increase in peroxidase and catalase activities that reached their maximum level 6 days after inoculation with pathogen. The highest level of phenolic compounds was observed at 6 days after pathogen inoculation in treatments of R. mucilaginosa A1and Penicillium compared with control (apple treated with distilled water). The ability of R. mucilaginosa to increase activities of peroxidase, catalase and levels of phenolic compounds may be some of the mechanisms responsible for its biocontrol activities.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rhodotorula mucilaginosa A1
  • Penicillium expansum
  • peroxidase
  • catalase
  • biological control
  • Phenolic compounds

مراجع

  1. Alavifard f. 2008. Investigation biological control of grey mold by yeast and some antagonism mechanism [MSc]. [Tehran, Iran]: Abooreihan Campus, Tehran University.
  2. Arras G and Arru S. 1999. Integrated control of postharvest citrus decay and induction of phytoalexins by Debaryomyces hansenii. Advances in Horticultural Science 13: 76–81.
  3. Batta YA. 2004. Effect of treatment with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai formulated in invert emulsion on postharvest decay of blue mold. Food Microbiology 96: 281–288.
  4. Bradford MM. 1967. A rapid sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248–254.
  5. Conrath U, Pieters CMJ and Mauch Mani B. 2002. Priming in plant-pathogen interaction. Trends in Plant Science 7: 210–216.
  6. Dennis C, Webster J. 1971. Antagonistic properties of species-groups of Trichoderma. I. production of non volatile antibiotics. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 57: 25–39.
  7. Droby S, Chalutz E, Horev B, Cohen L, Gaba V, Wilson CL and Wisniewski ME. 1993. Factors affecting UV-induced resistance in grapefruit against the green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Plant Pathology 42: 418–424.
  8. Du Z and Bramlage WJ. 1995. Peroxidative activity of apple peel in relation to development of poststorage disorders. HortScience 30: 205–209.
  9. Elad, Y., Chet, I. 1987. Possible role of competition for nutrients in biocontrol of Pythium damping-off by bacteria. Phytopathology. 77: 190–195.
  10. El-Ghaouth A, Wilson CL and Wisniewski M. 1998. Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the biological control of Botrytis cinerea by Candida saitoana in apple fruit. Phytopathology 88: 282–291.
  11. Etebarian HR, Sholberg PL, Eastwell KC and Sayler RJ. 2005. Biological control of apple blue mold with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Microbiology 51: 591–598.
  12. Gong Y, Toivonen PMA, Lau OL and Wiersma PA. 2001. Antioxidant system level in `Braeburn' apple is related to its browning disorder. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 42: 259–264.
  13. Gullino ML, Migheli Q and Mezzalama M. 1995. Risk analysis in the release of biological control agents: antagonistic Fusarium oxysporum as a case study. Plant Disease 79: 1193–1201
  14. Kreger-van Rij NJW.1984. The Yeast: a Taxonomic Study. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsivier, 1082 p.
  15. Lillbro M. 2005. Biocontrol of Penicillium roqueforti on grain-a comparison of mode of action of several yeast species [MSc]. [Uppsala, Sweden]: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
  16. Lima G, De Curtis F, Castoria R and De Cicco V. 1998. Activity of the yeasts Cryptococcus laurentii and Rhodotorula glutinis against post-harvest rots on different fruits. Biocontrol Science and Technology 8: 257–267.
  17. Pierson CF, Leponis MJ and McColloch LP. 1971. Market Diseases of Apples, Pears and Quince. Vol. 376. Washington, USA: US Government Printing Office. 112 p.
  18. Ramamoorthy V and Samiyappan R. 2001. Induction of defense related gene in Pseudomonas fluorescens treated chilli plants in response to infection by Colletotrichum capsici. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 31: 146–155.
  19. Schlumbaum A, Mauch F, Vogeli U and Boller T. 1986. Plant chitinases are potent inhibitors of fungal growth. Nature 324: 365–367.
  20. Vero S, Mondino P, Burgaeno J, Soubes M and Wisniewski M. 2002. Chracterizatioin of biological activity of two yeast strains from Uruguay against blue mold of apple. Postharvest Biology and Technology 26: 91–98.
  21. Wilson CL and Wisniewski M.E. 1994. Biolgical Control of Postharvest Diseases-Theory and Practic. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press. 182 p.
  22. Wisniewski ME and Wilson CL. 1992. Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables: Recent advances. Horticulture 27: 94–98. 

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار